Chapter 16 – Speeches to Inform
1) Public lecture: delivered to community or special group
2) Status report: summarizing past achievements and future goals
3) Briefing: informing group members of policy/procedure changes
4) Fireside chat: informally addressing group concerns, worries and issues
5) Chalk talk: speaker uses chalkboard to convey information
6. Thesis statement –defining or expressing the purpose of the speech
7. Maps – show geographical relationships
8. Diagrams – use to explain a process
9. Graphs – show relationships among statistical data (crime rate/prices of gas)
10. Model – used when an object is too big to bring in. A representation
11. Handouts – flyers, brochures or info sheets prepared ahead of time for people to take with them
12 Cutaway – a type of model in which the model is cut in two to get a better look at the interior
13. 6 C’s of informative speaking considerate is not a choice
Be clear. Will everyone understand your speech?
Be concise. Are you wasting time?
Be complete. Do you cover all the necessary information?
Be correct. Is all your information accurate?
Be concrete. Can the audience see your point?
Connect. Do you understand your audience?
14. Personal experience: What do you already know?
15. Observations: What is going on in your immediate environment?
16. Surveys: What does your audience want to know?
17. Advice for the use of audio and visual aid
1. Image must be large enough for entire audience to see
2. Be familiar with any equipment you plan to use
3. Speak to the audience, not your visual aid
4. Don’t stand in front of the aid (84)
5. Don’t use too many slides (23)
18. Graphic representations – 2 dimensional visual aids
Chapter 17 Speeches to Persuade
1. Persuasive speaking – Asking an audience to “buy” or “do” something
- Products,
Beliefs,
Attitudes,
Ideas
2. Goal of a persuasive speech – Induce audience to believe as you do,
Influence audience to take action
3. To be successful in a persuasive speech, you must know your audience
4. 4 types of audiences:
A. Supportive: Friendly - Easiest audience to address
B. Uncommitted: Neutral - Need info to make up minds; Not for you or against you
C. Indifferent: Apathetic; openly bored
D. Opposed: Hostile; don’t like you or your cause; Why are they opposed?
Get fair hearing; Show ability to compromise
5. Three types of appeal
Logical: Appeal to intellect with reasoning and evidence; Provide proof: Specific evidence or facts
Example: I have a perfect driving record.
Emotional: Appeal to feelings by aiming for the heart; often stronger than logic
Example: You’ve been so busy with work that I’d love to help you run errands.
Personal: Appeal to audience’s trust with believability; Honesty, integrity, sincerity, competency, composure
Example: Have I ever let you down when it counts?
Testimonials are personal appeal. Celebrity endorsements are personal appeal
6. United Appeal – Using two or three of Aristotle’s appeals to persuade an audience
Chapter 18 – Impromptu speech
1. Impromptu – Talking with little or no preparation; “off-the-cuff”
2. Two things to keep in mind when doing an impromptu speech:
1) Keep it simple
2) Don’t panic
3. 3 steps to Organization of an impromptu speech:
1) Short intro with main point
2) Support the main idea with examples, illustrations, testimony.
3) Conclude with restatement of the main idea
4. Extemporaneous - carefully prepared and practice speech
5. Conversational quality - sounds spontaneous, talk to the audience, make I contact, know everyone wants to hear what you have to say
6. Foreshadowing - tell what you are going to talk about ; Points, forecasting signpost, mapping,)
7. Justification - why the audience should care about what you want them to do with the info; site your facts
8. Compelling incite - introduction make to audience what to listen to you
9. Topic specific - make sure your attention getter goes with your topic
10. Label - what do you what your audience to remember about your speech
11. Analysis - break down your speech so you know it well, know your audience and talk to them like you know them
12. Zinger - powerful statement that the audience will always remember.
Chapter 19 – Oral Interpretation
1. Oral Interpretation: The art of communicating works of literature by reading aloud well. (It is not impersonating characters)
2. Theme: central idea in literary work
3. Mood: emotional tone created by a work: Anger? Love? Fear?
4. Meter: measures rhythm in line of poetry
5. Rhythm: flow of stressed and unstressed syllables
6. Rhyme: repetition of sounds between words or syllables or endings of lines of verse
7. Literature has been passed down orally since the beginning of history.
8, How to choose your material: make sure you know that you should choose something that you enjoy and care about reading)
1) What you enjoy reading
2) Quality (reading a grocery list vs. Henry David Thoreau)
3) Your audience
4) Occasion
9. Characterization –giving each character a unique voice expression and body language
10. Introduction –give the listeners the information they need to understand the selection. Establish the mood.
11. Keep the introduction brief.